Ethiopian Volcano Eruption Sends Ash Cloud to Delhi: What You Need to Know

Volcanic ash from the recent eruption of Ethiopia’s **Hayli Gubbi Volcano** has reached Delhi and the surrounding National Capital Region (NCR), prompting concerns about potential health risks. The volcano erupted on **November 24-25, 2025**, after years of dormancy, sending ash, sulphur dioxide (SO2), and tiny particles high into the atmosphere. Strong winds carried this ash cloud across the Red Sea, over the Arabian Sea, and towards northwest India.

While the ash cloud is primarily suspended in the upper atmosphere, understanding its potential effects is crucial. Volcanic ash differs significantly from household ash; it comprises sharp particles made of rock, minerals, and volcanic glass. These particles can be abrasive, acidic, and irritating to the respiratory system. In some instances, the ash contains crystalline silica, which can lead to lung disease known as silicosis with long-term exposure.

According to the **Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)**, short-term exposure to volcanic ash can cause a range of symptoms, including:
– Coughing or difficulty breathing
– Sore throat
– Itchy or red eyes
– Headaches or fatigue
– Mild nausea, particularly if a significant amount of ash is inhaled

Individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, such as asthma or chronic bronchitis, may experience more severe symptoms. The situation in Delhi currently does not involve the heavy, long-term exposure typically associated with active volcanoes.

Dr. **Vijay Kumar Agrawal**, Director of Pulmonology and Critical Care at **Yatharth Super Speciality Hospital** in Faridabad, highlighted that respiratory risks from volcanic ash stem mainly from particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). The silica content, combined with SO2 — often referred to as volcanic smog or “vog” — can exacerbate respiratory issues. Inhalation of these particles may irritate both the upper and lower airways, leading to temporary symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation.

For those with existing lung diseases, exposure to volcanic ash could trigger exacerbations that may require additional medication or emergency care. Long-term occupational exposure to volcanic ash in regions close to active volcanoes has been linked to severe lung diseases, including silicosis, non-specific pneumoconiosis, and COPD-like obstructions. However, such severe outcomes typically necessitate prolonged exposure, which is not anticipated from this high-altitude ash plume.

To minimize health risks associated with the ash cloud, experts recommend:
– Staying indoors when possible and keeping windows and doors closed.
– Wearing a NIOSH-approved N95 mask if outdoor activity is necessary.
– Avoiding air conditioning units that pull in outside air.
– Gently washing ash off the skin and eyes with clean water.
– Cleaning ash from entryways and ventilation areas.

Although not everyone exposed to volcanic ash will experience serious health issues, irritation is common, particularly among sensitive individuals. With the ash plume from Ethiopia drifting towards parts of India, it is vital to stay informed and adhere to guidance from the CDC and medical professionals. Taking these precautions can help ensure safety during this unusual environmental event.